Method of Treatment for Ketamine Infusion

ABSTRACT

Methods for treatment for patients having depression and/or pain are contemplated as including an administration of first preparation comprising an antiemetic agent, preferably ondansetron, followed by a second preparation of a synergistic combination of ketamine and a benzodiazepine, preferably lorazepam, administered via a continuous intravenous infusion. Such methods may be seen to better alleviate depression and pain symptoms, and may result in reduced need for other medications.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Not Applicable

STATEMENT RE: FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH/DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of ketaminetherapy. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to thetreatment of various conditions via administration of intravenousinfusions containing ketamine and a benzodiazepine.

2. Related Art

Ketamine is a pharmaceutical agent used in medical settings for itsanalgesic (pain relief/prevention), sedative (reduction ofirritation/agitation), and amnesiac (prevention of the formation ofmemories) properties. Together, all three of these properties areimportant in the induction and maintenance of anesthesia for theperformance of medical procedures. For example, ketamine is widely usedin the induction of maintenance of general anesthesia. Ketamine is alsoused widely used as a dissociative anesthetic in the practice ofemergency medicine, as its dissociative (rather than depressive) effectat particular dosages may permit effective sedation in patients in whohave suffered traumatic bodily injury and are in a condition ofhypovolemic shock.

As used herein, the term “ketamine” will be understood tointerchangeably refer to ketamine in all of its forms, including but notlimited to its racemic form and all enantiomeric proportions ofesketamine (S-ketamine or S-(+)-ketamine) and arketamine (R-ketamine orR-(−)-ketamine), including pure estakine and arketamine, any prodrugsthereof, and any pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Themolecular structures of ketamine and its enantiomers are shown below:

As generally understood, ketamine primarily functions to inducedissociative anesthesia by acting as a channel-blocking antagonist tothe N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, an ion channel protein foundin nerve cells. Ketamine acts to block the flow of ions through an openNDMA receptor that permits the transmission of electrical signalsbetween the brain and the spinal column. This disruption of the NDMAreceptor ultimately acts to block signals from reaching the consciousmind from other parts of the nervous system, which at sufficient dosagesresults in dissociation.

More recently, ketamine also has been recognized and studied for itsantidepressant effects, especially in alleviating symptoms of majordepressive disorder, treatment-resistant depression, and in reducingsuicidal ideation which may arise due to a depression disorder or othermental disorder, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Due to therelative recency of the recognition of Ketamine's antidepressanteffects, the mechanism(s) of those effects are substantially less wellunderstood relative to its dissociative mechanism, and are still amatter of ongoing investigation. Currently, investigate of ketamine asan antidepressant has only recently began entering the clinical stage.

A recent review by Zanos et al., Mechanisms of ketamine action as anantidepressant, Molecular Psychiatry (2018) 23, 801-811, discussed thevarious pre-clinical hypotheses regarding ketamine's mechanism of actionas an antidepressant, and noted that a growing bod of evidence suggestedthat while ketamine's NMDA inhibition is required for its antidepressantaction, the key mechanism for ketamine's antidepressant action may bethe targeting and activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin(mTOR) signaling pathway, resulting in synaptogenesis in the prefrontalcortex, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3(3) inactivation, andenhanced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), anprotein vital to the formation of long-term memory that acts to supportsurvival of existing neurons and encourage growth and differentiation ofnew neurons and synapses. It was also noted that GSK-3β inhibitors suchas lithium can enhance the efficacy of ketamine in this fashion and mayprolong its antidepressant effect.

Clinical use of ketamine for the treatment of depression conditions andsuicidal ideation has only recently begun in earnest. For example, arecent article in the American Journal of Psychiatry by Canuso et al,Efficacy and Safety of Intranasal Esketamine for the Rapid Reduction ofSymptoms of Depression and Suicidality in Patients at Imminent Risk forSuicide; Results of a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-ControlledStudy, Am J Psychiatry, 2018 Jul. 1; 175(7); 620-630, observed, in aclinical setting, a significantly greater improvement in a patient'sscore on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) at fourhours and at 24 hours after intranasal administration of 84 mg ofesketamine via an aerosol spray in addition to comprehensive treatmentwith standard antidepressants relative to comprehensive treatment withstandard antidepressants alone. However, the study also notedsignificant side effects associate with the estketamine nasal sprayprotocol, and did not result in any significant reduction in MADRS scorein the experimental group relative to the control group after 25 days.

Currently existing protocols for administration of ketamine to patientsalso do not result in completely desirable clinical outcomes. Currentstate of the art methods of ketamine treatments for depression typicallydisplay only around a 70% response rate in alleviating depressionsymptoms, which is considered to represent the industry standard.

Therefore, there is a need in the art for methods of treating patientssuffering from conditions involving pain and depression viaadministration of ketamine, which do not suffer from the deficienciesassociated with prior methods of treatment.

BRIEF SUMMARY

To solve these and other problems, a method of treating a patient havingmental condition and/or pain in need of treatment is contemplated.According to an exemplary embodiment, this method comprises theadministration to the patient of a first preparation comprising apharmacologically effective amount of an antiemetic agent, and theadministration to the patient of a second preparation, the secondpreparation comprising an intravenous infusion of a mixture of apharmacologically effective amount of ketamine and a pharmacologicallyeffective amount of a benzodiazepine.

The antiemetic agent of the first preparation may comprise at least onecompound selected from the group comprising: non-selective 5-HTantagonist, 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist, 5-HT₄ receptor agonist, CB₁agonist, D2 receptor antagonist, D3 receptor antagonist, GABA receptoragonist, Hi receptor antagonist, muscarinic acetylcholine receptorantagonist, NK₁ receptor antagonist, or combinations thereof. In theexemplary embodiment, the antiemetic agent comprises ondansetron.

In the second preparation, the benzodiazepine may be selected from thegroup comprising: 1,4-benzodiazepine, 1,5-benzodiazepine,2,3-benzodiazepine, triazolobenzodiazepine, imidazobenzodiazepine,oxazolobenzodiazepine, thienodiazepine, thienotriazolodiazepine,thienobenzodiazepine, pyridodiazepine, pyridotriazolodiazepine,pyrralodiazepine, tetrahydroisoquinobenzodiazepine, benzodiazepineprodrug, or combinations thereof. In the exemplary embodiment, thebenzodiazepine comprises lorazepam. The ratio of ketamine tobenzodiazepine in the second preparation may be between 100:1 and 10:1by weight. The second preparation may be administered as a salinesolution.

According to one embodiment, the intravenous infusion of the secondpreparation additionally comprises a pharmaceutically effective amountof one or more of: an anesthetic, a sedative, an antiemetic, ananticonvulsant, an antidepressant, an antimigraine, an antipsychotic, ananxiolytic, or an antiparkinson. In a particular embodiment, the secondpreparation additionally comprises ondansetron.

According to a further embodiment, the method of treatment comprises thefurther administration to the patient of a third preparation, the thirdpreparation comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of ananti-inflammatory agent. According to a particular embodiment of thistype, the third preparation comprises an intravenous infusion ofketorolac.

According to other embodiments, the method of treatment may comprise theadministration to the patient of a third preparation, the thirdpreparation being an intramuscular infusion comprising apharmaceutically effective amount of a triptan. According to aparticular embodiment of this type, the intramuscular infusion of thethird preparation may comprise sumatriptan.

It is contemplated that the second preparation may be administered viacontinuous intravenous infusion at a rate of between 20 and 150 mg ofketamine per hour. It is also contemplated that the second preparationmay be administered via continuous intravenous infusion at a rate ofbetween 40 and 100 mg of ketamine per hour. The rate of administrationto the patient may also be configured to vary during the period ofadministration. According to a particular embodiment, the secondpreparation may be delivered at a first rate of between 40-60 mg ofketamine per hour, subsequently delivered at a second rate of between80-120 mg of ketamine per hour, and finally delivered at a third rate ofabout 25-35 mg of ketamine per hour. During the administration of thesecond preparation, at least 0.5 mg of ketamine may be delivered to thepatient per kg of the patient's body mass. The administration of theintravenous infusion of the second preparation may also be performedover a time period of at least an hour.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

According to various aspects of the present disclosure, new methods oftreating depressive and/or pain conditions utilizing ketamineformulations are contemplated. In one embodiment, a series of infusionsare given to a patient. In a second embodiment, a patient mayself-administer a series or intranasal administrations.

According to one exemplary version of the first embodiment including theseries of infusions, a first preparation is administered and contains anantiemetic agent, with 4 mg of ondansetron administered via intravenousinfusion being preferred, and a second preparation is subsequentlyadministered, the second preparation being an intravenous infusioncontaining a mixture of ketamine and a benzodiazepine, with a 30 mlsaline solution containing 100 mg of ketamine and 2 mg of lorazepambeing preferred. The second preparation is delivered to the patient viacontinuous intravenous infusion over a period of about an hour, at afirst rate of delivery of around 15 ml/hour, subsequently elevated to asecond rate of delivery of around 30 ml/hour, and finally reduced to athird rate of delivery of around 10 ml/hour. According to variousrefinements, the second preparation may optionally contain additionalondansetron, greater amounts of lorazepam, or other variations, andsubsequent infusion may also be delivered to the patient. For example,in a specific embodiment, it is contemplated that an intramuscularinfusion containing between 15-30 mg of sumatriptan is administered tothe patient.

As used herein, for avoidance of confusion, references to general andspecific pharmaceutical compounds or preparations will be understood tointerchangeably refer to any and all pharmaceutically active forms orpreparations of those compounds, including but not limited to differentenantiomers or enantiomeric proportions, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof, or in a protonated or free base form, or prodrugsthereof.

Ondansetron is an antimetic medication sold under the trade names Zofranand Ondisolv in various markets. Ondansetron is a 5-HT₃ receptorantagonist (a “setron”) generally used in controlling nausea andvomiting in post-operative conditions and in chemotherapy patients, andwell as for various off-label uses. 5-HT₃ receptor antagonists bind toand block the 5-HT₃ receptor, which is a ligand-gated ion channel foundin the vagus nerve and in the area postrema. Synaptic transmissioninitiated via the 5-HT₃ receptor directly mediates the nausea andvomiting reflex. Ondansetron has the following molecular structure:

According to the presently contemplated method of treating a patient, afirst preparation comprising a pharmacologically effective amount of anantiemetic agent is administered to the patient. In the exemplaryembodiment, the first preparation comprises a 4 mg intravenous infusionof ondansetron. However, it may be seen that in other embodiments, otherpreparations may be administered to the patient which may vary from thisexemplary embodiment. For example, other methods of delivery thanintravenous infusion may be utilized, including but not limited to oraldelivery, transmucosal (e.g. nasal, buccal, sublingual, vaginal, ocular,rectal, etc.) delivery, inhalatory delivery, intramuscular injection,and any other form of delivery which may achieve administration to thepatient of a pharmaceutically effective amount of the antiemetic agent.Likewise, it may also be seen that other antiemetic agents thanondansetron may be utilized, including but not limited to other setrons,or other antiemetic compounds or preparations, including but not limitedto other 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist, non-selective 5-HT antagonists,5-HT₄ receptor agonists, CB₁ agonists, D2 receptor antagonists, D3receptor antagonists, GABA receptor agonists, Hi receptor antagonists,muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, NK₁ receptor antagonists,or combinations thereof.

Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine medication sold under various trade namesincluding Ativan, Almazine, and Tavor. Lorazepam has various properties,including acting as a sedative, a hypnotic, an amnesiac, and ananxiolytic. Like other benzodiazepines, Lorazepam is generallyunderstood to act primarily by enhancing the effect ofgamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABA_(A) receptor. As the primaryinhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA acts to reduce neuronal excitabilitythroughout the nervous system. Compared to other benzodiazepines such asdiazepam (valium), lorazepam is substantially more potent and longeracting. Lorazepam has the following molecular structure:

It may be seen however that other benzodiazepines may be utilized. Suchother benzodiazepines may be, for example but without limitation, a1,4-benzodiazepine, a 1,5-benzodiazepine, a 2,3-benzodiazepine, atriazolobenzodiazepine, an imidazobenzodiazepine, anoxazolobenzodiazepine, a thienodiazepine, a thienotriazolodiazepine, athienobenzodiazepine, a pyridodiazepine, a pyridotriazolodiazepine, apyrralodiazepine, a tetrahydroisoquinobenzodiazepine, a benzodiazepineprodrug, or combinations thereof.

According to the presently contemplated method of treating a patient, asecond preparation is administered, the second preparation being anintravenous infusion comprising a mixture of a pharmacologicallyeffective amount of ketamine and a pharmacologically effective amount ofa benzodiazepine. In the exemplary embodiment, the second preparationmay comprise a solution of ketamine and lorazepam in a ratio of 50:1 byweight. Specifically, such a solution may be formulated as a 30 mlsaline solution containing 100 mg (˜3.33 mg/cc) of ketamine and 2 mg(˜0.07 mg/cc) of lorazepam. However, in other embodiments, it may beseen that other benzodiazepines than lorazepam may be utilized, such asdiazepam, midazolam, alprazolam, temazepam, clonazepam, among others.Likewise, it may be seen that the amount of lorazepam or otherbenzodiazepine may be varied. For example, in other contemplatedembodiments, it is envisioned that the ratio of ketamine to lorazepamutilized in intravenous infusion of the second preparation may beanywhere from between 100:1 and 10:1 by weight.

It has been observed that following administration of the firstpreparation of a pharmaceutically effective amount of an antiemeticagent, the administration of the solution of the second preparation,when delivered to the patient via continuous intravenous infusion over aperiod of time of around an hour or more, at a rate of between 25 to 150mg of ketamine an hour, results in the effective treatment of apatient's depression and/or pain conditions with a greater response rateand with reduced side-effects relative to conventional treatmenttechniques utilizing ketamine. It is thought that these benefits resultfrom the co-administration of ketamine and benzodiazepine in combinationwith a potent antiemetic.

It has been found that the rate of administration of the secondpreparation is important in realizing such an effective treatment.Specifically, in the exemplary embodiment, delivery of the secondpreparation is via continuous intravenous infusion for a time period ofat least an hour, at an overall rate of administration of between 25 and150 mg of ketamine per hour, with a proportional administration oflorazepam, and preferably at an overall rate of between 40 and 100 mg ofketamine per hour. More particularly, it has been found that byadministering the intravenous infusion with a varying rate of deliveryover the time period during which it is administered, the response rateof patients may be maximized with harmful side effects minimized. Thepreferred variation in the rate of delivery takes the shape of a bellcurve, with an initial first rate of delivery of between 40-60 mg ofketamine per hour, a second rate of delivery, where the amount deliveredis maximized, of between 90-110 mg of ketamine per hour, and a finalthird rate of delivery of about 20-40 mg of ketamine per hour, all withproportionally similar rates of delivery of the co-administeredlorazepam. However, it may be seen that in other embodiments, otherrates of delivery or variations in rates of delivery of the secondpreparation may be utilized. For example, it may be seen that it may bepreferred to vary the overall amount of ketamine delivered in proportionwith the patient's needs, and that it may be desirable to deliver atleast 0.5 mg of ketamine to the patient per kg of the patient's bodymass.

A variety of more specific embodiments of the presently disclosedmethods of treatment have been developed to treat specific conditions inaddition to or as an alternative to general depression conditions.According to one particular embodiment configured for treatment ofdepression and mental health conditions, the second preparation maycomprise a 30 ml saline solution containing 100 mg of ketamine and 4 mgof lorazepam. According to another particular embodiment configured fortreatment of migraine and headache pain, the second preparation may be a32 ml saline solution comprising 100 mg of ketamine, 4 mg of lorazepam,and 4 mg of ondansetron, and a third preparation may be administeredcomprising an intramuscular injection of a triptan, and specificallybetween 4 and 6 mg of sumatriptan. According to another particularembodiment configured for treatment of cancer-related pain anddepression, the first preparation may be 8 mg of ondansetron. Accordingto a further particular embodiment configured for treatment ofinflammation, a third preparation may be administered comprising anintravenous infusion of between 15 and 30 mg of ketorolac.

Disease conditions for which the presently contemplated methods oftreatment may be effective to treat include, for example but withoutlimitation, ADHD, ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anxiety,arachnoiditis, arthritic pain, autism, bipolar disorder, cancer pain,chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic pain, chronic pelvic pain, CPS or CRPS1 and 2, depression, endometriosis, fibromyalgia, gastroparesis,glutamate storm also known as post concussive syndrome,headaches/migraines, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory pain,insomnia, lupus, Lyme disease, major depressive disorder (clinicaldepression), Ménière's disease, multiple sclerosis, musculoskeletalpain, neuropathic pain, obsessive-compulsive disorder, osteoarthritis,osteoporosis, Parkinson's disease, Pott's syndrome, PTSD, Raynaudsyndrome, repetitive stress disorder, Sjögren syndrome, substance usedisorder, and suicidal ideation.

In the second embodiment, a patient may self-administer the medication.For example, a first preparation may be administered and contains anantiemetic agent, with 4 mg of ondansetron administered via anintranasal spray or an oral dissolvable tablet (ODT) of 4 mg ofondansetron.

The patient may further self-administer the second preparation. Theintranasal spray may contain a mixture of ketamine and a benzodiazepine,with 25 mg of ketamine and 0.5 mg of lorazepam being preferred. However,the precise dosage will depend on various factors, including the age,and body mass. Thus, the ketamine may be administered in a range of 25mg to 200 mg, with a range of 25 mg to 150 mg being more preferred, anda range of 25 mg to 100 mg being most preferred. The benzodiaszepinewould increase linearly with the ketamine dosage, for example 50 mg ofketamine would be accompanied by 1 mg of, for example, lorazepam. 75 mgof ketamine would be accompanied by 1.5 mg of, for example, lorazepam.And, 100 mg of ketamine would be accompanied by 2 mg of, for example,lorazepam.

The ketamine and the benzodiazepine may be mixed in to form a singlepharmaceutical compound. The spray device may administer a quantum ofthe smallest dose. For example, with each actuation of the spray device,25 mg of ketamine and 0.5 mg of lorazepam may be administered. Thus, ifthe dose is 75 mg of ketamine and 1.5 mg of lorazepam, the patient willself-administer three sprays from the spray device. Alternatively, theketamine and the benzodiazepine may be administered from separate spraydevices.

The doses are administered twice weekly. For example, one dose may beadministered on a Monday, and a second dose on a Thursday. The days maybe shifted to any of the days of the week, but the goal is to even outthe amount of pharmaceutical in the patient's system as much aspossible. Thus, the doses are administered every three or four days.Doses may continue to be administered as long as symptoms persist.Further, dosages may be changed after the initial or subsequent dosesbased on the efficacy of the dose. Further, the pharmaceutical compoundmay be changed based on efficacy of the dose, or changing symptoms asdiscussed further below.

As with the above disclosure of the first embodiment, various otherpharmaceuticals may be added to treat predetermined conditions. These,too may be mixed with the ketamine and other pharmaceuticals for form asingle compound administered from a single spray device or may beadministered from separate devices.

Experimental Results

In a first study, patients were assessed based upon Beck's DepressionInventory (BDI) before the first treatment and after each instance oftreatment according to the presently contemplated synergistic method. Asignificant (p<0.001) change between the pre-administration BDI scoreand mean of each patient's post-administration (for the first and allsubsequent administrations) BDI score was observed, with the averageobserved change in patients having substantially more effect forpatients falling into more severe BDI categories. Results are reportedin the following tables:

TABLE 1 Change in BDI following administration BDI Pre First PostCategory Infusion Mean N Infusion Mean Change All  19.6 ± 13.2 217  16.6± 11.8 −3.0 Minimal  6.6 ± 4.0 84  5.7 ± 4.0 −0.9 Mild 16.7 ± 1.7 3515.3 ± 5.1 −1.4 Moderate 24.3 ± 2.9 41 20.8 ± 5.4 −3.5 Severe 37.3 ± 7.057 30.3 ± 9.6 −7.0

TABLE 2 Movement of patients between BDI categories followingadministration BDI Pre First Lower Higher Post Category InfusionCategory Category Distribution Minimal 84 0 5 (79, 5, 0, 0) Mild 35 12 5(12, 15, 4, 1) Moderate 41 18 3 (3, 15, 20, 3) Severe 57 23 0 (3, 5, 15,34)

TABLE 3 BDI Contingency Table showing movement of patients followingsecond and subsequent infusions Post Infusion BDI Category Minimal MildModerate Severe Pre Minimal 79 5 0 0 Infusion Mild 12 18 4 1 BDIModerate 3 15 20 3 Category Severe 3 5 15 24

In a second study, 339 patients who received more than oneadministration of the presently contemplated synergistic treatmentmethod self-reported whether their treated condition(s) benefitedfollowing treatment. On average, each patient received between 5 and 6treatments, with a total of around 2000 treatments administered.Overall, out of those 339 patients 309 reported a benefit to theirtreated condition(s) after 1 or 2 treatments (91.15%), and 294 reportedan overall benefit to their treated symptoms at the end of their fulltreatment regimen (86.73%). An overall breakdown of the results is shownby the table below:

TABLE 4 Patient Reported Benefits after Short Term and ExtendedTreatments Reported Reported Benefit Benefit Treated after 1-2 at End ofCondition N treatments % Treatments % All 339 309 91.15%   294 86.73%  Depression 166 153 92% 146 88% Anxiety 109 102 94% 98 90% PTSD 47 46 98%43 91% Fibromyalgia 63 63 100%  58 92% Chronic Pain 88 80 91% 74 84%Neuropathy 124 115 93% 110 89% Headaches/ 64 59 92% 60 94% MigraineMusculoskeletal 127 111 87% 109 86% Pain

As may be seen, of those 339 patients, 166 complained of depression,with 153 reporting a benefit after 1-2 treatments (92%), and 146reporting a benefit at the end of their full treatment regimen (88%).109 patients complained of anxiety, with 102 reporting a benefit after1-2 treatments (94%), and 98 reporting a benefit at the end of theirfull treatment regimen (90%). 47 patients complained of PTSD, with 46patients reporting a benefit after 1-2 treatments (98%), and 43reporting a benefit at the end of their full treatment regimen (91%). 63patients complained of fibromyalgia, with 63 patients reporting abenefit after 1-2 treatments (100%), and 58 reporting a benefit at theend of their full treatment regimen (92%). 88 patients complained ofchronic pain, with 80 patients reporting a benefit after 1-2 treatments(91%), and 74 patients reporting a benefit at the end of their fulltreatment regimen (84%). 124 patients complained of neuropathy, with 115patients reporting a benefit after 1-2 treatments (93%), and 110patients reporting a benefit at the end of their full treatment regimen(89%). 64 patients complained of headaches or migraines, with 59patients reporting a benefit after 1-2 treatments (92%), and 60 patientsreporting a benefit at the end of their full treatment regimen (94%).127 patients complained of musculoskeletal type pain, with 111 patientsreporting a benefit after 1-2 treatments (87%), and 109 patientsreporting a benefit at the end of their full treatment regimen (86%). Itmay therefore be seen that the presently contemplated methods maydisplay substantially better outcomes to patients relative to thepresent 70% response rate in alleviating depression symptoms consideredto represent the industry standard, and may display substantially betteroutcomes in alleviating other symptoms. Similar to other studies,treatment with ketamine displays a higher short-term efficacy with somediminishment in efficacy after extended treatment, but substantiallong-term effects were realized as well via the presently contemplatedmethods of treatment.

Patients in the second study were also evaluated based uponself-reported need or use of medication prior to treatment, after 1-2treatments, and at the end of treatment. Results are shown in the tablebelow:

TABLE 5 Patients Reported Medication Use after Short Term and ExtendedTreatments Reduced Need Reduced Need after 1-2 after End of Medication NTreatments % Treatments % Pain 276 64 23% 115 42% Mental Health 211 2813% 57 27%

As may be seen, 276 patients in the second study reported a need or useof pain medication to treat their complained-of conditions, with 115patients reporting an overall decrease in their need or use of painmedication at the conclusion of their treatment regimen (42%). Of those115 patients, 64 reported a decrease in their need/use of painmedication after only 1-2 treatments (23%). 211 patients in the secondstudy reported a need or use of a behavioral health medication to treattheir complained-of conditions, with 57 patients reporting an overalldecrease in their need or use of behavior health medication at theconclusion of their treatment regimen (27%). Out of those 57 patients,28 reported a decrease in their need/use of behavioral health medicationafter only 1-2 treatments (13.0%).

Patients also reported the experience of any adverse side effectsfollowing each instance of treatment. Results of reports of side effectsare shown in the table below:

TABLE 6 Reported Instance of Side Effects Reported Instance Side EffectType of Side Effects % Any 163 8% Nausea 94 5% Anxiety 77 4%

As may be seen by Table 6, out of the nearly 2000 treatmentsadministered among the 339 patients, 163 instances of side effects werereported (8%), with 94 instances of nausea reported (5%) and 77instances of anxiety reported (4%). Four of these instances involvedpatients reporting of both nausea and anxiety.

It may therefore be seen the presently contemplated methods may not onlydisplay substantially improved results relative to the industry norm,but may also reduce the need for other medications for patientssuffering from depression and pain. This may result in beneficialoutcomes, especially for patients reliant on opioids or othermedications which may have potential for addiction or other negativeoutcomes.

The above description is given by way of example, and not limitation.Given the above disclosure, one skilled in the art could devisevariations that are within the scope and spirit of the inventiondisclosed herein. Further, the various features of the embodimentsdisclosed herein can be used alone, or in varying combinations with eachother and are not intended to be limited to the specific combinationdescribed herein. Thus, the scope of the claims is not to be limited bythe exemplary embodiments.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a patient having adepression condition in need of treatment, the method comprising:administering to the patient a first preparation, the first preparationcomprising a pharmacologically effective amount of an antiemetic agent;and administering to the patient a second preparation, the secondpreparation being an intravenous infusion comprising a mixture of apharmacologically effective amount of ketamine and a pharmacologicallyeffective amount of a benzodiazepine.
 2. The method of claim 1, whereinthe antiemetic agent of the first preparation comprises at least onecompound selected from the group comprising: non-selective 5-HTantagonist, 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist, 5-HT₄ receptor agonist, CB₁agonist, D2 receptor antagonist, D3 receptor antagonist, GABA receptoragonist, Hi receptor antagonist, muscarinic acetylcholine receptorantagonist, NK₁ receptor antagonist, or combinations thereof.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the first preparation comprises anintravenous infusion of ondansetron.
 4. The method of claim 1, whereinin the second preparation, the benzodiazepine is selected from the groupcomprising: 1,4-benzodiazepine, 1,5-benzodiazepine, 2,3-benzodiazepine,triazolobenzodiazepine, imidazobenzodiazepine, oxazolobenzodiazepine,thienodiazepine, thienotriazolodiazepine, thienobenzodiazepine,pyridodiazepine, pyridotriazolodiazepine, pyrralodiazepine,tetrahydroisoquinobenzodiazepine, a benzodiazepine prodrug, orcombinations thereof.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein thebenzodiazepine comprises lorazepam.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein inthe second preparation, the ratio of ketamine to benzodiazepine isbetween 100:1 and 10:1 by weight.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein thesecond preparation is administered as a saline solution.
 8. The methodof claim 1, wherein the second preparation additionally comprises apharmacologically effective amount of one or more of: an anesthetic, asedative, an antiemetic, an anticonvulsant, an antidepressant, anantimigraine, an antipsychotic, an anxiolytic, an antiparkinson.
 9. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the second preparation additionally comprisesondansetron.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising administeringto the patient a third preparation, the third preparation comprising apharmaceutically effective amount of an anti-inflammatory agent.
 11. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the third preparation comprises anintravenous infusion of ketorolac.
 12. The method of claim 10, whereinthe third preparation comprises an intramuscular infusion of apharmaceutically effective amount of a triptan.
 13. The method of claim12, wherein the third preparation comprises sumatriptan.
 14. The methodof claim 1, wherein the second preparation is administered viacontinuous intravenous infusion at a rate of between 20 and 150 mg ofketamine per hour
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the secondpreparation is administered via continuous intravenous infusion at arate of between 40 and 100 mg of ketamine per hour.
 16. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the rate of administration of the second preparationis configured to vary during the period of administration.
 17. Themethod of claim 16, wherein the second preparation is initiallydelivered at a first rate of between 40-60 mg of ketamine per hour,subsequently delivered at a second rate of between 80-120 mg of ketamineper hour, and finally delivered at a third rate of about 20-40 mg ofketamine per hour.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein during theadministration of the second preparation, at least about 0.5 mg ofketamine is delivered to the patient per kg of the patient's body mass.19. The method of claim 1, wherein the administration of the secondpreparation is performed over a time period of at least an hour.
 20. Amethod of treating a patient having a condition, evidenced by symptoms,in need of treatment, the method comprising: administering to thepatient a first preparation, the first preparation comprising apharmacologically effective amount of an antiemetic agent; andadministering to the patient a second preparation, the secondpreparation comprising a mixture of a pharmacologically effective amountof ketamine and a pharmacologically effective amount of abenzodiazepine.